In this section

Prohibition is dangerous / dealing with dealers
How old?
The downhill slope?
Strength and purity - the unreliable commercial supply
Medi users
You are the enemy

Other sections

Risks of getting stoned
The mental health debate
Risks caused by how you get stoned
The ins and outs of surviving prohibition - risks summary

Prohibition is dangerous

Cannabis is illegal.

This means the trade is totally unregulated in any way at all. There are no controls over who sells it, where it's sold from, strength, purity or anything else and this can lead to some huge problems.

As no-one really knows what people are actually smoking any research into the effects of cannabis will be compromised by uncertain data..

Because of prohibition, the law cannot be used to solve disputes and the whole cannabis culture is "underground".

The aim of enforcement is to disrupt the supply networks yet the more unpredictable the supply, the more chaotic the use and the greater the potential for harm.

The law ensures that no accountable person can be involved with the trade and some dealers are in it for the fast buck only.

Far from protecting cannabis users from these uncertainties, the law treats them as the enemy - remember, a conviction for cannabis possession can damage your career and much more besides

Prohibition is dangerous both for the cannabis user and for the whole of society.

Dealing with dealers

As with most things, the majority of people who use cannabis buy it from dealers. There are an awful lot of them supplying a market of several million people.

Always try to buy from people you know and can trust, although this is seldom easy.

Never get into debt with dealers, although most will be happy to let you have a small "lay on" if they know you.

There are an unknown number of very nasty and dangerous people selling cannabis, people who may use violence and intimidation and sell other drugs which are far more dangerous than cannabis. The mentally ill and medical users are particularly at risk from these people.

Never buy off street dealers and especially not off street dealers who operate near where you live.

Don't buy rubbish! Learn what good hash and herbal looks and smells like.

If you don't have a safe dealer you can trust and you are determined to use cannabis, grow it yourself rather than using some dodgey connection and dump the dealer.

How old?

Because of the total lack of regulation of the cannabis market a lot of dealers will happily sell to children and young teenagers.

Children using drugs of any kind isn't a good idea because their minds are still developing and learning about the world. Research seems to show that children who use cannabis heavily run a higher risk of developing mental health problems than those who don't.

The legal status of cannabis makes it difficult to highlight the particular risks for children. The laws about alcohol, solvents and tobacco are specific - adults are responsible for not selling to anyone under the specified age. This is possible because, although dangerous, they are legal.

Following reclassification in 2004, the law regarding cannabis says "if you are aged 17 or under you will be arrested". In other words this is an example of a criminal law being targeted at children, with children suffering greater penalties than adults.

Children should always do what the nice policeman tell them..

This is no way to discourage young people from heavy use. Cannabis policy needs to reflect that the risk of children's use is much higher than that for adults.

The law needs to put the responsibility for discouraging underage use on adults in line with alcohol and tobacco legislation. This is impossible whilst cannabis remains illegal.

One of the oft-quoted reasons for making cannabis illegal was that it "leads on" to other drugs, in other words the cannabis experience introduces the user to the idea of getting off their heads and leads inevitably to hard drug addiction and needles in the eyeballs. There is no truth in this, there is nothing in cannabis which will drive you to try other drugs.

There are two problems which give some credence to the idea that cannabis can be a "gateway" to other drugs however,. These problems are caused or made worse by prohibition.

The first is obvious, because it's illegal you buy it from drug dealers who sometimes - often maybe - sell other drugs. Perhaps the biggest danger is people who are addicted to drugs such as heroin sometimes try to recruit new new heroin addicts from cannabis users to provide themselves with a steady income.

The second danger is tobacco, which is too often thought of as a neutral substance used to make cannabis burn better. In fact it's a highly addictive and dangerous drug. Many cannabis users develop long term tobacco addictions as a result of their cannabis use. The fact that tobacco is legal and cannabis isn't means the government can't advise cannabis users to smoke without tobacco.

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Perhaps one of the greatest dangers posed by prohibition is the uncertain nature of the commercial supply. Most cannabis in the UK is supplied by a massive and unregulated industry.

Cannabis can vary in strength from the weak to the very strong. If this were alcohol it would be like not knowing if you were buying beer or vodka.

The strength of cannabis is defined by the amount of THC per gram it contains, although this is a bit simplistic because different types of cannabis contain differing proportions of other active chemicals.

This uncertainty about strength can make eating cannabis a dangerous - or at least an unpleasant way - to take it

There is an additional problem caused by the illegality of cannabis

Cannabis which you grow yourself or which was grown by someone you know will be OK. But it's important to realise that as it's supplied by an unregulated industry the so called "black market" weed and hash may be very contaminated. In the UK this not only means "soap bar" (which should always be avoided anyway), but it may well apply to any imported hash or weed.

Eating/drinking cannabis can be extremely dangerous due to the presence of contaminants and/or pathogens and given the high possibility of adulterants in imported cannabis, you should really think twice before using a nonsmoking method.

Pathogens

Pathogens are microbes which transmit diseases. These aren't a problem if cannabis is smoked, but may be if it's eaten.

Because of the illegal nature of the trade there are no hygiene requirements for the manufacture of hashish or its transportation.

Cooking at a high temperature will kill most pathogens, but maybe not all of them - if you crank up your oven too high you'll nail the THC too... not to mention burning the brownies!

There is no reliable way to clean contaminated cannabis, for example, boot polish will survive washing. If your grass comes from crops which have been sprayed there's nothing you can do about that either. Crops in the producer countries are being sprayed by the US government (and probably by ours as well) with cancer causing herbicides.

It should be noted that the level of contaminants in street cannabis is regarded as a measure of success by the authorities - an illustration of how prohibition acts against the interests of public health.

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Most street hashish is called "soap bar" - because a 250grm block is shaped like a bar of soap.

Some of this is highly contaminated with a range of substances, some of which may be just for bulk but some may be dangerous. UKCIA has simple advice about soap bar - don't buy it. See our page on soap bar here

There has been a lot of publicity in the media about the "new" forms of cannabis called "skunk". We are told that skunk is "many times stronger than cannabis used to be" when it was the harmless fun hippy drug they originally banned and "it's full of chemicals".

The concern is that if people are using a stronger form of cannabis - containing higher amounts of THC - this may make the potential health problems worse.

Time to set the record straight:

According to the research by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction here, (PDF}. Some home grown cannabis is more potent than some imported stuff, but there has always been strong imported cannabis.

Home produced cannabis is fresher than imported produce and because it's fresher it tends to be a more consistent product.

But the truth is, as they admit, the data they work from is unreliable. Of course - it is under prohibition.

Skunk is really the name of one type of cannabis plant, there is nothing special about this particular strain.

However, the name "skunk" has also come to mean any black market cannabis sold by street dealers and in many cases grown by organised criminals.

Some forms of so-called "skunk" have been selected for their high THC content and yield rather than quality.

Some seed shops make great play of the strength of the plants you can grow. Over the years strains have been developed with names such as "AK47", hardly the image of peace and love traditionally associated with cannabis.

This is the result of an underground supply side, itself the result of prohibition.

There may also be concerns about the way some cannabis is grown, and the chemicals used to grow it - see opposite.

Organised criminals are as different to the average home grower as chalk is to cheese in how they cultivate. A huge section of the commercial cannabis market is now served by large scale grow-ops, which rely on a high turn over from a limited space. The pressure is on to use some pretty dangerous chemicals to keep the yield high. There is no way of knowing how big this problem is.

Organo phosphate insecticides (OP's) are variations of nerve gases developed for chemical warfare and are often used to safely control infestation.

Systemic insecticides are sprayed onto the plant and absorbed from the surface of the leaves into the sap system so they are circulated to every part of the plant tissue. One application means the whole plant is protected from anything from a couple of weeks up to a month or so. Any bug without resistance, who takes a bite or sips some sap dies and the plant is toxic for the period. In standard farming the plants would be re- sprayed every 2 to 4 weeks then there is a withdrawal period before harvest.

But the criminal commercial cannabis grower doesn't spray systemics. There are way too many risks as well as costs, it takes a lot of time to spray properly and requires a proper respirator and suit. They may have several hundred kW of lighting - have you ever seen what happens if you get spray on a lamp?

Systemics can be absorbed directly through the root system so they are added to water reservoirs every few days, this is the factory farming concept taken to mad levels. Its very cheap, and fairly safe to the operator.

Sooner or later you get a resistant mite/thrips/whitefly population, put more systemic in, it helps for a crop or maybe two, try another systemic, eventually the problem comes back, mix two or three systemic together, up the dose until just before it starts to be toxic to the plants...

This might be a hundred or more times the the safe maximum level, no one knows what other chemical recombinations and toxins are created in making and using these cocktails, or what damage they may do to living beings.

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Medical users

Cannabis is know to have a range of medical uses, the best well known is in the treatment of MS (Multiple Sclerosis) but there are many other uses.

However, because of prohibition medical users are treated as criminals and have to get their medicine from the same illegal supply as everyone else.

For many years carers and people in great pain have been dragged through the courts for trying to self-medicate with cannabis.

Sativex

The government has recently accepted that cannabis has a use as a medicine and - despite it not receiving a license for use in the UK - doctors can now prescribe it on a "named patient" basis.

Busted carers

At the start of 2006 the medical cannabis campaigns THC4MS and Budbuddies - who supplied free cannabis to people with MS were facing serious charges having been busted in 2005. Several very ill people and their carers are facing criminal charges and many ill people no longer get their medicine.

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Most laws are there to protect people, not so the law against cannabis. The aim of prohibition is simplistic - to reduce use to a minimum. There is no evidence to suggest it works, and much to suggest it doesn't.

With cannabis it's clearly failed but the government remains utterly committed to the policy, whatever the evidence.

Prohibition means there is no regulation of the massive industry which supplies millions of mostly young people. There are no controls over how well it's grown, who sells it, where it's sold from or who it's sold to. There is no regulation of strength or purity and no recourse to the law if you run into problems with the supplier. Polluted supplies are seen by the government as an indicator of success. Because of this, prohibition is in effect harm maximisation .

In the eyes of the law, the very people it claims to be protecting are seen as the enemy - this is a strange way for the government to treat a substance they tell us is dangerous.

Some people react badly to cannabis, but for most, getting a conviction for possession - never mind dealing - can hurt career or education prospects far more than the plant alone can do. In many circumstances you can lose your home or your job. The cannabis laws have destroyed lives, wrecked families, ended careers and the most vulnerable are placed at the greatest risk.

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